Korean and Japanese Honorific Systems

Honorific is considered as an address form which portrays respect towards the addressee and are classified according to addressee’s title. Suffix endings such as Professor, Mister, Coach, Officer, Captain, Sir, and so forth are some examples which are commonly used.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean and Japanese Honorific Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every language has these kinds of honorifics and Asian societies have honorifics which are essential elements of their cultures and the language. Asian societies are fixed to a Confucian value arrangement which underlines diffidence, humbleness and respect towards older people (Brown, 2011, p. 65). Most honorifics are applied when attending to kings, queens, landlords, and some respected persons. The dislodgment of honorific is extraordinary in Asian languages; while both Korean and Japanese have preserved their Honorific forms and this paper would compare and contrast honorific languages in these two communities. In Japan, traditionally, respect and honor is mostly treasured since both are still traditional joint country. Thus, honorifics are essential elements while addressing other people, where they have agglutinative language which they usually do not recognize gender. Nouns are also not considered and conjunction is not reflected. Japanese languages contain three stages of respects which are applied: Keigo (Advanced Plain), Teineigo (Simple Plain) and, lastly, Kudeketa (Plain); these are stages of respects which are essential than the prefixes or suffixes which accompanies (Backhouse, 2005, p. 25). Teineigo level is more inflectional arrangement and commonly applied for a person who is being spoken to, while Keigo are split into two different languages, Sonkeigo and Kensongo. Kensongo are usually used when addressing the group which may include sister or brother or workmate. Sonkeigo is a polite speech used for som ebody being talked about which may include bosses or a customer. Regular and irregular verbs are contained in Kensongo and Sonkeigo and they as well apply the prefix  ¨o ¨ or  ¨go ¨ to create a term honorific (Backhouse 2005, p. 25).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different from Teinogo, highly inflectional arrangement, both  ¨Ãƒ ¼kagau ¨, contained in Kensongo, and Sonkeigo apply interchange verbs to turn into  ¨Ãƒ ¼kagau ¨ in Kensongo and  ¨Ãƒ ¯rasshar u ¨ in Sonkeigo and all stages of the languages possess its particular verb endings and vocabulary. They considered that it is not the way you end the language that makes it very complex, but it important to understand which stage to use for a particular person. If a person needs to introduce the boss to another person of the same status with the boss, he or she would utilize the Kensongo to introduce the boss. Anothe r case is that a kid needs to apply Sonkeigo when addressing his grandmothers, but would apply Kensongo when introducing her to somebody else. The application of each of them relies on the idea of â€Å"Out groups† and â€Å"In groups† (Hasegawa, 2010, p. 140). Hence, this language stage is corresponding with someone or situations which are being addressed or talked about. These language stages are distinguished by extended polite phrases like  ¨Ã‚ ¨ motasete itadaku ¨Ã‚ ¨ which can be translated as  ¨Ã‚ ¨can I kindly be permitted to carry†¦Ã‚ ¨ in Kensongo (Hasegawa, 2010, p. 140). On the other hand, Japanese usually has an inclination towards brevity, and this is shown in their sentence structure. Children are not provided to learn use of honorific language and they are usually expected to apply it, but it is just during their employment when he or she is openly taught. Korean and Japanese languages share complex arrangement of honorific speech levels and they normally applied with Korean aristocracy (Yang bang). They contain prefixes like Sir, Doctor, etc. and also expressions for kinship. The suffix  ¨Ã‚ ¨ nim ¨Ã‚ ´ may be attached to a noun to create it more honorific and nouns can as well be substituted with these honorifics (Sohn, 2006, p. 132). Contrary to honorific, polite words are there also and some verbs contain particular forms and terms like ‘I’ or ‘we’ pronouns utilize form. Speech levels are very significant in Korean language and these levels are applied to bring up narrators’ or authors’ addressees, while honorifics are mainly used for a subject.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean and Japanese Honorific Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gender group, he or she, is required to settle on honorific and speech level to apply, hence, not just the addresser who has an option regarding speech level, but gender group as well may select to attach the honorific. Subject and predicate have to match while using honorifics and it is impossible to attach a marker to the predicate when the subjects are categorized as group of nouns which are not in agreement with the marker. For instance,  ¨Ã‚ ¨ sensaennim I cip e ka-si-eyo (the tutor has gone home) has corresponded with verb ending and honorific subject, while â€Å"haksean I hakkyo e ka-si-eyo† (the learner has gone to school) is inappropriate in Korean language since the subject is not allowed to have honorific ending and it is not corresponding with the verb used in the sentence (Sohn, 2006, p. 132). Korean language has more than seven speech levels and every speech level has a particular distinct arrangement of verb endings to show the level of requirements. Politeness and respect are represented by three ordinary levels of speech and the first one is ‘ta’, usually used to address somebody younger than the a ddresser. Second one is polite (yo), normally used to address somebody older than the addresser such as employer, stranger with same age or older than addresser, older relative, and superiors. Third one is deferential (su), commonly used to address somebody who is superior to the polite yo (Sohn, 2006, p. 132). The number of levels remains unknown but the bilingual persons argue that there are around seven distinct speech levels and these levels would be briefly discussed below. The first five speech levels are combined as jondaemal, whereas the last two speech levels are grouped together as banmal and every speech level has a particular distinct arrangement of verb endings (Bruno, 2011, p. 33). These seven different speech levels portray respect and politeness to addressees and in Japanese language these speech levels as well make â€Å"In groups† and â€Å"Out groups.† In Korean language, honorific arrangement is exceptionally complicated and the issues are present i n three distinct ways.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, each expression must be marked for the triad engaged in dialogue, receiver, referent, and reporter and second, the guidelines need cautious choice of highly linguistic pieces (Bruno, 2011, p. 33). Third, addressers can change speech levels at any moment (Bruno, 2011, p. 33). Therefore, if somebody desires to bring in a dialogue, he or she is required to choose which speech level to apply and the addresser is required to settle on status and age with the aim of selecting proper speech level to use. Different from Japanese honorifics, which are classified as relative, Korean kinds of honorifics are considered as absolute and are applied not considering the person the speaker is talking to. Honorifics are also attached irrespective of â€Å"In groups† and â€Å"Out groups.† Conclusion Language is just like something which undergoes evolution and changes and it is astonishing to observe the manner in which political and cultural transformations may change certain la nguage. It appears that these honorifics originated from minor societies where people staying in those societies recognized everybody’s social status. Japan appears to be experiencing much bigger problem regarding preservation of honorific language and it appears, from my view, that the Japanese are troubled as they preserve  ¨face ¨Ã‚ ¨, the function of respectful language which is more influenced by changing western society and culture. On the other hand, Korean seems not to be influence by the change of the western society regarding honorifics and appears that their honorifics, which are absolute, create it easier, while in Japanese language, honorifics are compared with the situation creating it slightly complex to apply. Permanent honorific application, in Japanese language, will rely mainly on the way government is strict implementing its use in their newly introduced guidelines. References List Backhouse, E 2005, The Lexical Field of Taste: A Semantic Study of Japa nese Taste Terms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bruno, L 2011, Asian Honorifics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Philadelphia PA. Brown, L 2011, Korean Honorifics and Politeness in Second Language Learning, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Hasegawa, Y 2010, Soliloquy in Japanese and English, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Philadelphia. Sohn, H 2006, Korean language in culture and society, University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii. This essay on Korean and Japanese Honorific Systems was written and submitted by user Kaylen Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effects of TV violence.

Effects of TV violence. Violence has proven to be a prevalent issue in America. Although there may be many contributing factors associated with violence in our country, many researchers have held television violence responsible. While television can be both educational and entertaining, some believe that television violence is influencing America's children to become aggressive and tolerant to violence. Acts of violence and hatred have become all too common in high schools and even elementary schools today, leaving psychologists and researchers searching for answers and solutions. For decades, researchers have been trying to investigate the effect television has on children. The recent rise in adolescent crimes has not only put pressure on scientists to reach a solution, but it has also put a strain on the government to implement new laws in order to protect society. There are many different ways in which television affects our society. Studies and experiments offer proof that television violence is an issu e that needs attention.The TMNT logo of the 1987 animated series.If this problem is ignored, the conditions will continue to deteriorate.Children today have more outlets to view television than any other era. Studies by the University of Pennsylvania have shown that that children watch television, on average, 7.25 hours a day, 5,000 hours by the first grade, and 19,000 hours by the time they graduate (APA Online). Television programs show about 20 violent acts each hour (APA Online). If you do the calculations, this data presents that children witness approximately 380,000 acts of violence on television by the time they are 18 years old. According to the laws of psychology, when exposed to a certain behavior repeatedly, there is a greater chance of imitation. As humans, especially during childhood, we learn how to act by watching the behavior of others, a term denoted socialization.Much of the debate about violence in television programs...

Plasmids Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

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Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Coursework Example Water has been obtained as the primary constituent of all living organisms. Be it plants or animals, the water has its role in the process of metabolism. It is required in the process of photosynthesis where light energy is utilized splitting the water molecule such that the hydrogen gets separated and the oxygen is released in the air. Many substances in the body are hydrolyzed by water as well. For example, it is capable of breaking amino acids bonds in proteins and peptide linkages of monosaccharide in polysaccharides. Diffusion of several materials is also obtained through the component of water (Saint, 2004). Water helps in the transport of different substances within the body since it easily dissolves other materials and thus acts as a good solvent. This function of the water also enables the removal of waste products like ammonia and urea from the body. Water being capable of diluting such waste products enables their recycling process in the Nitrogen cycle. Since water is vis cous in nature it also acts a good lubricant and form different lubricating fluids in the body that include mucus, synovial fluid, pleural fluid and pericardial fluid having different functions in the body. Apart from all these functions, water also acts as a supporting medium for several organisms since it is not easily condensed. Overall in the biological systems, water has miscellaneous functions that include maintaining body temperature, as well as dispersal in the process of reproduction (Saint, 2004). 2. Structure of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, and Polysaccharide: Carbohydrates are formed as a result of the combinations of carbon and water molecules. In general the carbohydrates may be represented through the formula (CH2O)n. Here C represents the carbon molecules and H2O represents the water molecules, n being the number of atoms of this combination of molecules. However, in some cases carbohydrates might also contain greater numbers of sulphur or nitrogen mo lecules. If the molecular structure of the carbohydrates is studied, carbons are found to form chains or rings with hydroxyl groups two or more in number along with an aldehyde or a ketone group. There is a carbonyl group at the terminal end of an aldehyde that gets bonded to hydrogen molecule or carbon. A ketone is different from an aldehyde and represents a carbonyl group bonded in between two carbon molecules (Talaro & Park, 2007, p.42). Different configurations are obtained of the carbohydrates. Monosaccharide refers to one of the forms of carbohydrates that represent a simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or molecule of ketone that contain 3 to 7 molecules of carbon. The structure of a disaccharide varies from a monosaccharide in that a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides in combination. When five or more monosaccharides combine to form a carbohydrate, then that structure represents a polysaccharide. The monosaccharides and disaccharides are represented by prefix- ose at the end of the name. The name however depends on the number of carbons in the structure. For example, pentose has 5 carbons in it, hexose is composed of 6 carbons, and so on (Talaro &

Career Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Career Planning - Essay Example The duties of a Market Researcher almost match with my work interests. The job is almost all about dealing with data. This involves planning, control, implementation, reports, and analysis. To be specific, it involves the study of what people buy, require, think, and do. And the findings of such study usually help companies to identify the factors affecting product demand and also the potential markets of the firm. I am genuinely good at studying the client related topics and also advising the related people about making use of the research findings. I am aware of the possible challenges associated with meeting this plan. I have studied Accounting and Finance as main subjects but if I want to concentrate on the Marketing field, I have to develop qualities like good communication skill, awareness of the latest trends, and also should be familiar with the latest technologies. Minimum knowledge in psychology is also needed while handling the issues of different people. I admit that my k nowledge and experience with regard to HR and consumer behaviour is incomplete or unsatisfying and therefore I will have to face more challenges. When I started working in the banking field, I could realize that I had much more to learn and expertise in marketing strategy. I am sure that my MSc in Strategic Marketing from the world’s most renowned institution will make me capable of addressing all the challenges in my profession. Generally, the academic and cultural heritage of an institution determines the level of nourishment it can provide for the overall development of its students. I admire the Imperial College’s great legacy of 100 years of teaching. Since the college specializes in most prominent areas such as Science, Engineering, Medicine and Business, it has contributed so many legends to the world include Nobel Prize winners, great scientists, world famous designers, actors and poets. I would like to stick to the same profession improving myself day by day. I am aware that the carrier progression in Market Research depends on one’s merits and experience. With regard to my long term plan, I would like to attain the post of Account Director of a well established firm in UK. Since my carrier started in the banking sector, I am willing to choose my long term carrier in the very sector. I believe that the post of an Account director will help me utilize my full potential. In today’s business environment, launching the right product in the right time and at the right place is a key factor to the success of a company. It requires accurate forecasting, which is evidently one of the responsibilities of the accounting director. Another responsibility of the faculty is to ensure return on every investment, which is possible only by maintaining strict budgeting controls. It depends on the competency of an accounting manger if a firm can have its own unique way of business development. A company can develop its own distinct way of mar keting only if the accounting manger and his crew are innovative and adaptive. This task lies between the planning session and the ultimate feedback on retail reality. Admittedly, my goal of achieving my desired designation is not very easy. It requires several skills. In the case of my short term plan as a Market Researcher, I must develop an analytical mind along with thorough knowledge in statistics, psychology, and behavioural science. A market researcher

First World Consumerist Role in Third World Sweatshops

First World Consumerist Role in Third World Sweatshops First World consumerism plays a role in the persistence of Third World sweatshops, yet there are conflicting thoughts on how the issue of sweatshops should be addressed. This paper examines sweatshops and perspectives surrounding the potential rectification of the issue, on what end this correction should be addressed, the consumerism aspect or in the sweatshops themselves. The Clean Clothes Campaigns (CCC, a movement to improve sweatshop conditions) processes and outcomes, private monitoring, and the roles and structures within sweatshops will support my argument proving that for sweatshops to be improved or removed, action must be taken within the Third World countries themselves. My topic of Third World sweatshops and First World consumerism is relative to globalization and just in time production because they create a large demand for the inexpensive and fast labour that sweatshops offer. There has been a recent clean clothes movement in which consumers have begun to boycott stor es that sell apparel produced in sweatshops. This method of protesting sweatshops is not beneficial and the alleviation of sweatshops in Third World countries requires the cooperation of the workers and an intervening power. Jill Esbenshades Monitoring Sweatshops addresses the roles of both workers and consumers within the global apparel industry. Esbenshade covers a broad range of aspects which influence sweatshops such as private monitoring of sweat shops, and interests of manufacturers, contractors, and workers. Private monitoring as a system is not successful in its attempts to improve sweatshop conditions because it does not prioritize the needs of workers, instead it prioritizes the needs of the manufacturers (Esbenshade 2004:89). Cheap and fast labour benefits manufacturers because it is an inexpensive way of supplying the just in time production system, putting fair treatment of workers in the back of their minds. Within sweatshops the interests of manufacturers and workers conflict, and those of the manufacturers prevail. Monitors have little training and are not trustworthy investigators as they have a history of being swayed by manufacturers to postpone assessments as it becomes close to crunc h time. They clean up sweatshops but only to the extent that prices do not have to be raised. Monitors do not institute changes or upgrades that will cost high prices or that will set back the factory in production time. The cooperation of monitoring firms is beneficial to the manufacturers because they pay the monitors wages (Esbenshade 2004: 97-98). As explained in Esbenshades Monitoring Sweatshops, the monitoring system is one with many holes, Who is paying the [monitoring firms] wages? The manufacturer is, and they ask them to turn their head when it is crunch time and they need to get production out (Esbenshade 2004:98). There are global movements to end sweatshops existing currently such as trade unions and NGOs, informal economy, the CCCs method of urgent appeals, and consumers roles in fair trade products and clean clothes. The CCCs use of urgent appeals and its manner of intervention is only beneficial for a handful of the sweatshops it enters, more often than not it results in factory closures, leaving people unemployed (Sluiter 2009: 185). Urgent appeals do have benefits, they are a good way to start a dialogue with companies, because they are about specific cases; companies cannot hide behind general answers but they are seldom cost-effective and also often end in factory closures (Sluiter 2009: 185). Many Third World populations are reliant on sweatshops because they provide mass employment and keep the economy afloat. As hard as First World populations may fight for the removal of sweatshops in the Third World, they are greatly needed because the jobs that they provide prevent laborers from starving, working as prostitutes, and begging on the streets (Rothstein 2005: 41). The informal economy that has developed has made the intervention of an outside force necessary. Steady jobs have been replaced by informal means of employment, giving workers the short end of the stick and no leg to stand on if their employment is being terminated (Sluiter 2009: 187). In the globalized sweatshop industry the workers are at the mercy of the manufacturers which proves that the CCCs methods are not useful because whether the sweatshop exists or not, manufactures will develop a new industry that is inexpensive and still exploits workers. The laws relating to working conditions and employment security must be altered and more strongly enforced rather than removing factory employment in the Third World all together. When an apparel company requires production, it offers a price to the manufacturers and then prices are cut and conditions are altered until the product is able to be produced for the price offered. Seeing as the main cost being paid by the manufacturers is wages, the goal can be reached by cutting labour costs (Esbenshade 2008:456). Working in an informal economy is usually the only option for workers in sweatshops. No employment contracts are composed so workers can earn below the legal minimum wage, are not paid on time, are expected to work beyond regular hours, and do not receive benefits of any kind (Sluiter 2009: 188). If a contract is written, it often exploits the worker and do not make exception for pregnancy or illness, and if a worker were to get sick their employment would be threatened as it would be seen as a violation of the contract. Gender based discrimination often occurs because a female employee is seen as a risky hire for several reasons. Gender-based discrimination is a tool for labour-market flexibility Sluiter explains, the long hours and low pay make it difficult for women to keep their family fed (Sluiter 2009:191). If any action should be taken to correct the use of sweatshops and the treatment of workers it should be to remove sweatshops from Third World countries and instate new businesses and a new way of involvement in the global market. Merely improving sweatshop conditions could be extremely detrimental to the over all economy of the country, but removing the businesses entirely without instituting a solution, could be as equally destructive. First World activists fight for wage increases in sweatshops, through the CCC for example, but victories on the Western front may turn into defeats when wage raises have been won in factories that subsequently shut down (Sluiter 2009: 184). Rothstein argues that First World intervention in sweatshops is not as beneficial as it is though to be, by stating, If Western activists succeed in forcing firms to raise wages, limit hours, or reject children as laborers production would cease and be replaced in the global marketplace by those not bound by Weste rn standards (Rothstein 2005:41). Although I do not agree that these sweatshops are a necessity in Third World countries, implementing improvements is the wrong way to go about correcting the abuses. Through corrections production will be reduced, yet if sweatshops are removed and a new system is brought about, a less corrupt means of production could grow and there could be a possibility of self sustainability. While mass boycotting of corporate giants that supply sweatshop produced apparel may be a powerful means of motivating manufacturers to pull production out of Third World countries, the outcome would be harmful because little would be left for them to participate in the global economy. It is a known fact that if the price of a commodity rises, the demand for it will fall. Therefore, if wages in sweatshops were increased, product prices would rise, consumption would diminish, and manufacturers would move elsewhere in search of cheap labour. Thus leaving a population unemployed and unable to participate in the growing globalization of the economic market. A large problem to do with instituting improvements to sweatshop conditions is that every change in the industry could have ripple effects on important aspects of the global trade economy as well as the economy and well being that effects workers in the Third World. For example, if children were to be banned from working in sweatshops families would not have enough money would become impoverished (Rothestein 2005:41). The seemingly improved conditions would spark many contradictions. Richard Rothstein argues in his piece Defending Sweatshops: Too Much Logic, Too Little Evidence that First World activists are ignorant of the perspectives and needs of Third World habitants. Sweatshop employment ensures the highest wage earnings in many underdeveloped and developing countries. Rothstein recalls a story of an Indonesian woman, Tratiwoon, who sells items found in the garbage for a dollar a day with her three year old son (Rothstein 2005: 41). Tratiwoon dreams of the day that her son is older and can get a job at the nearest sweatshop, because to these people a sweatshop represents a leap in living standards (Rothstein 2005: 41). Rothstein also argues that Americans get on their high horses about child labour but do not understand the context in which it is used and needed in the Third World (Rothstein 2005: 41). Child Labour Hawks remove children from sweatshop employment without comprehending the repercussions. Saving a young person from child labour may result in i mpoverishing an entire family or subjecting them to homelessness or starvation. Perhaps First World activism aiming to end sweatshops its fueled by guilt, woman and children are working at slave wages for our benefit- and this makes us feel unclean' (Rothestein 2005: 42). In reality, while First World consumers do experience benefit from sweatshop production, Third World laborers are dependent on sweatshop employment to maintain their quality of life. Sweatshops in underdeveloped countries are not looked upon negatively, jobs in these factories are admired and desired. The Neoliberal theories of privatization and deregulation have enforced the proliferation of the sweatshop and garment industry in the Third World. This occurs through a combination of weakening enforcement of labour laws and creating a dependency on export oriented employment as privatization limits job availability (Esbenshade 2008: 457). Workers needs are being overlooked in order for countries to do business, countries are literally competing for apparel contracts based on who has the more docile and lower paid workforce (Esbenshade 2008: 457). Employers minimize workers needs because manufacturers locate with non-unionized businesses and unorganized plans. In the time of globalization labour has been divided among class, gender, race, and nations, the growing diversity makes it difficult for workers to feel comfortable and identify with their co-workers (Esbenshade 2008: 458). Keeping workers isolated increases production and attachment, Workers are not brought together in ever-larger worksites where their common experience unites them. Instead they are separated into thousands of small shops isolated from one another by distance and anonymity, and often by borders and language as well (Esbenshade 2008: 458). It is unclear to sweatshop labourers who their enemy is, there are many exploiters both large and small and workers cannot rely on their bosses to protect them from this exploitation, as their bosses are at the mercy of far away corporations (Esbenshade 2008: 458). Esbenshades Going Up Against the Global Economy: New Developments in the Anti-Sweatshops Movement discusses United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS), a student run anti-sweatshop campaign that directs schools to do businesses with corporations that treat their employees with respect. USAS went through several phases of initiating their cause in universities, firstly forcing schools to begin only using businesses that disclose their name and location, secondly activists requested that universities adopt independent monitoring codes by joining the WRC (Workers Rights Consortium) (Esbenshade 2008: 459). The third phase is currently underway, students are pressuring universities to join the Designated Supplier Program which requires that manufacturers have special licenses to use factory facilities (Esbenshade 2008: 459). The aim of the USAS is to hold the manufacturers responsible for the conditions of their workers, and factories where workers rights are not being respected may be revealed (Esbenshade 2008: 459). The USAS is better than other anti-s weatshop organizations, rather than fighting for higher wages and better working conditions it selects only the better manufacturers to do business with. This may motivate manufactures of low standard factories to correct their ways in order to be hired by universities. Neoliberal policies have destabilized government protection of workers in developing countries, mainly introduced by the mandates put forward by the Inernational Monitary Fund and the World Bank (Esbenshade 2008:457). Governments that have become in debt have increased amounts of sweatshops and have weakened labour laws in order to expand their export commodities (Esbenshade 2008: 457). The work environment in sweatshops has become unstructured by means of enforcing labour laws, and while monitoring is taking place it is privatized, creating a relaxed relationship between the manufacturers (who pay the monitors wages) and the monitors. Monitoring is untrustworthy because working conditions are in the hands of the private sector who police themselves (Frank 2008: 35). T. A. Frank expresses his experiences as a private monitor in Confessions of a Sweatshop Inspector proving that inspections were not thorough or trustworthy the auditors who followed me found pregnant employees hiding on the roof and Burmese import workers earning criminally low wages. Whoops. (Frank 2008: 35). If a monitor can miss things such as these, it can be believed that the privatized monitoring sector is untrustworthy and not accomplishing what it claims to be its goal. Winston describes how the well-being of sweatshop employees is in the back of the manufacturers minds. After finding all sorts of violations in a Chinese sweatshop, the owner went on to explain that the exploitation of workers is necessary to fulfill consumer and economic demand. She stated, But really, its all about profit. If I paid my workers more money, Id have to raise the price to my buyers, the people who are sending you here to inspect my factory. Do you think they would accept that? (Winston 2005: 1124-1128). The current system of private monitoring is corrupted, and the CCCs use of urgent appeals are less than productive. It is clear that merely aiming to improve conditions have ripple effects on many other aspects of the globalized economy, and that raising wages or banning child labour in sweatshops would be detrimental to the country at stake. Currently, an organization that is moving in the right direction with its aim toward correcting sweatshops is the USAS, who only uses licensed manufacturers who recognize workers rights. The USASs methods may motivate manufacturers to clean up their factories to receive business deals from First World universities. Undoubtably the use of sweatshops needs to be corrected, and the method of going about this is to alleviate countries of sweatshops and introduce a new means of economic involvement and a new enforcement plan.

America Must Reduce the Size of Government :: Political Science

â€Å"Everyone wants to live at the expense of the state. They forget the state wants to live at the expense of everyone.† —Frederic Bastiat Introduction: States exist at the expense of their citizens, who are not aware of the price they pay. Although people tend to view states as indispensable institutions to promote equality, provide security, and protect public goods; they often overlook their sacrifice of liberty and economic well-being due to government interference. Forms of states vary—liberal democratic states, welfare states, communist states etc.—throughout the world; but their artificial nature is the same: states only emerged through the consent of all the citizens. Nevertheless, states do not function by a social contract; instead, the few who are in power usually make decisions for all. In fact, people are frequently misled to justify taxation—believing that states redistribute wealth, thus creating equality through this process. However, redistribution does not necessarily mean transferring wealth from the rich to the poor. Moreover, government interference in the free market usually only hurts the e conomy—despite some economists promoting state actions during economic downturns. Only through advocating grassroots associations, paying attention to future interests, and improving literacy and access to popular literature can people realize their economic and political sacrifices to the state. 1. The Formation of States The concept of â€Å"state† is closely related to social contract thought. The social contract school of thought originated from the classic seventeenth-and-eighteenth-century political theories of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, who tried to explain the origins of civic community and political authority. Although social contract theorists differ in their conceptions of the state of nature and the political structure under the contract, they all agree on one point: the social obligation must be willingly accepted by individuals. According to the social contract school of thought, the state—the civic community and political authority—is the result of individuals’ voluntary move from their state of nature, in which each man is sovereign and self-sufficient, to a social order, where they submit themselves to a political authority in return for protection and equality. To answer the question of why individuals tend to accept the agreement and obey the state, Thomas Hobbes, the first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory, believes that states can provide equality by equally treating their citizens.[1]  Interestingly enough, Hobbes’ model of state as an authority overruling all the subjects still applies to our modern society today. What Hobbes overlooked though, as John Locke pointed out, was the reduced liberty of individuals.